Currency Profile Of Euro (Part I)

By Ahmad Hassam

The European Union consists of 15 member countries that include Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Out of these 15 countries, 12 common currency countries constitute the European Monetary Union (EMU). Except Denmark, Sweden and United Kingdom, all these above countries share the common currency Euro. These 12 countries share a single monetary policy dictated by the European Central Bank (ECB).

EMU has a highly developed and efficient fixed income, equity and the futures market. The EMU is the worlds second largest economic powerhouse after the United States. This makes EMU the second most attractive investment market for domestic and international investors.

In the past, the EMU had difficulty in attracting foreign direct investment or large capital inflows. The primary reason was the United States. Historically US assets have had solid returns. As a result, United States absorbs something like 70% of the total foreign savings.

However, with the EMU beginning to incorporate even more members in Eastern Europe, Euros importance is expected to increase. Induction of new members will further increase the size of EMU. The capital flows to Europe is expected to increase as well.

Demand for Euro is expected to continue rising with foreign central banks expected to diversify their Euro reserve holdings even further. EMU is in fact a trade driven and a capital flow driven economy. Trade is very important to the national economies within EMU.

EMU has significant power in the international trade arena because of the size of the EMUs trade with the rest of the world. EU exports comprise almost 20% of the world trade. While EU accounts for only 17% of the world imports! Unlike United States, EMU does not have large trade deficit or surplus.

Both EU and the United States are two very important members of the World Trade organization (WTO). United States is the largest trading partner of EU. The formation of EU allows individual member countries to group as one entity and negotiates on an equal playing field with the United States. International clout is one of the primary reasons in the formation of EU.

Leading import sources for EU are United States, Japan, China, Switzerland and Russia. Leading export markets for EU are the United States, Switzerland, Japan, Poland and China.

Large numbers of EU based companies concentrate their research, design, innovation and marketing part of the activity in EU while outsourcing most of their manufacturing to Asia. EU is primarily a service oriented economy. Services account for more than 70% of the EU economy while manufacturing, mining and utilities account for around 20% of the EU economy.

Before Euro, most of the countries had to deal with individual national currencies with each having a different risk profile. Most international trade transactions involve the British Pound, the Japanese Yen and the US Dollar. It is important for most of the countries to hold large amounts of reserve currencies to reduce exchange rate risk and transaction costs.

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